Urinary Biomarkers For Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, And Surveillance

The diagnosis of bladder cancer is generally made by cystoscopy and biopsy. Bladder cancer has a very high frequency of recurrence and therefore follow-up cystoscopy, along with urine cytology, is done periodically to identify recurrence early. Urine biomarkers that might be used to supplement or supplant these tests have been actively investigated. Urinary biomarkers have also been suggested to have utility in identifying colonic polyps.