Serum antibodies to polysaccharide-containing molecules, called glycans, and other serum biomarkers are potential biomarker tests for the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is diagnosed according to criteria that incorporate clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Currently, there is no biomarker available to inform diagnosis or prognosis. A serum biomarker is particularly desirable because of ease of repeat measurements. For individuals who have signs and/or symptoms of MS who receive serum biomarker tests for MS, the evidence includes cross-sectional studies of diagnostic accuracy and cohort studies. Relevant outcomes are test accuracy and validity, other test performance measures, symptoms, functional outcomes, health status measures, and quality of life. Antibodies to glycan molecules are thought to impair immune function. They include antibodies to 1 (glucose[α1,4]glucose[α] [GAGA4]) or several (GAGA2, -3, -4, and – 6) glycan molecules. The gMS Dx and gMS Pro EDSS tests may aid in the diagnosis and prognosis in MS, respectively. Tests for serum levels of other potential MS biomarkers, including but not limited to apoptosis-related molecules, intercellular adhesion molecules, and myelin peptides, have also been described. Current evidence for these other biomarkers makes it difficult to assess their utility in diagnosis and prognosis. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.
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