Novel Biomarkers In Risk Assessment And Management Of Cardiovascular Disease

Numerous lipid and non-lipid biomarkers have been proposed as potential risk markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Biomarkers assessed herein include apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein E, B-type natriuretic peptide, cystatin C, fibrinogen, high-density lipoprotein subclass, leptin, low-density lipoprotein subclass, lipoprotein(a), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). These biomarkers have been studied as alternatives or additions to standard lipid panels for risk stratification in CVD or as treatment targets for lipid-lowering therapy. Cardiovascular risk panels refer to different combinations of cardiac markers that are intended to evaluate the risk of CVD. There are numerous commercially available risk panels that include different combinations of lipids, noncardiac biomarkers, measures of inflammation, metabolic parameters, and/or genetic markers. Risk panels report the results of multiple individual tests, as distinguished from quantitative risk scores that combine the results of multiple markers into a single score.